Hand spinning - Wikipedia. Spinning is an ancient textile art in which plant, animal or syntheticfibres are drawn out and twisted together to form yarn. For thousands of years, fibre was spun by hand using simple tools, the spindle and distaff. It was only with the invention of the spinning wheel in India, and its subsequent introduction to Europe in the High Middle Ages, did the output of individual spinners dramatically increase. Mass production only arose in the 1. Industrial Revolution. Hand- spinning remains a popular handicraft.

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Characteristics of spun yarn vary according to the material used, fibre length and alignment, quantity of fibre used, and degree of twist. History[edit]Hand spinning[edit]. Medieval spinning jug which contained water or grease to use during the spinning process and 3 Medieval spindle whorls.

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A man from Ramallah spinning wool. Hand- tinted photograph from 1. Modern top- whorl drop spindles. The origins of spinning fibre to make string or yarn are lost in time, but archaeological evidence in the form of representation of string skirts has been dated to the Upper Paleolithic era, some 2.

In the most primitive type of spinning, tufts of animal hair or plant fibre are rolled down the thigh with the hand, and additional tufts are added as needed until the desired length of spun fibre is achieved. Later, the fibre is fastened to a stone which is twirled round until the yarn is sufficiently twisted, whereupon it is wound upon the stone and the process repeated over and over. The next method of spinning yarn is with the spindle, a straight stick eight to twelve inches long on which the yarn is wound after twisting. At first the stick had a cleft or split in the top in which the thread was fixed, this form of spinning is often called "African Breakdancing". Later, a hook of bone was added to the upper end. The bunch of wool or plant fibres is held in the left hand.

With the right hand the fibres are drawn out several inches and the end fastened securely in the slit or hook on the top of the spindle. A whirling motion is given to the spindle on the thigh or any convenient part of the body. The twisted yarn is then wound on to the upper part of the spindle. Another bunch of fibres is drawn out, the spindle is given another twirl, the yarn is wound on the spindle, and so on.[2]The distaff was used for holding the bunch of wool, flax, or other fibres. It was a short stick, on one end of which was loosely wound the raw material. The other end of the distaff was held in the hand, under the arm or thrust in the girdle of the spinner. When held thus, one hand was left free for drawing out the fibres.[2]A spindle containing a quantity of yarn rotates more easily, steadily, and continues longer than an empty one; hence, the next improvement was the addition of a weight called a spindle whorl at the bottom of the spindle.

These whorls are discs of wood, stone, clay, or metal with a hole in the centre for the spindle, which keep the spindle steady and promote its rotation. Spindle whorls appeared in the Neolithic era.[2][3] They allowed the spinner to slowly lower, or drop, the spindle as it was spinning, thus allowing a greater quantity of yarn to be created before it had to be wound onto the spindle; hence the name "drop spindle," which is now most commonly used for the hand spindle with whorl attached. In mediæval times, poor families had such a need for yarn to make their own cloth and clothes that practically all girls and unmarried women would keep busy spinning, and "spinster" became synonymous with an unmarried woman. Subsequent improvements with spinning wheels and then mechanical methods made hand- spinning increasingly uneconomic, but as late as the twentieth century hand- spinning remained widespread in poor countries: in conscious rejection of international industrialization, Gandhi was a notable practitioner. The hand spinning movement that he initiated as a part of the Indian freedom struggle has made the handwoven cloth known as "Khadi" made from handspun cotton yarn world- famous. Women spinners of cotton yarn still continue to work to produce handspun yarn for the weaving of Khadi in Ponduru, a village in South India.

A great wheel (also called a wool wheel, high wheel or walking wheel) is advantageous when using the long- draw technique to spin wool or cotton because the high ratio between the large wheel and the whorl (sheave) enables the spinner to turn the bobbin faster, thus significantly speeding up production.[4]A Saxony wheel (also called a flax wheel) or an upright wheel (also called a castle wheel), can be used to spin wool or cotton, but are invaluable when spinning flax (linen). The ends of flax fibres tend to stick out from the thread unless wetted while being spun. The spinner typically keeps a bowl of water handy when spinning flax, and on these types of wheels, both hands are free (since the wheel is turned with a treadle, rather than by hand), so the spinner can use one hand to draft the fibres and the other to wet them.[4][5][6][7]Industrial spinning[edit]Modern powered spinning, originally done by water or steam power but now done by electricity, is vastly faster than hand- spinning. The spinning jenny, a multi- spool spinning wheel invented c.

James Hargreaves, dramatically reduced the amount of work needed to produce yarn of high consistency, with a single worker able to work eight or more spools at once. At roughly the same time, Richard Arkwright and a team of craftsmen developed the spinning frame, which produced a stronger thread than the spinning jenny. Too large to be operated by hand, a spinning frame powered by a waterwheel became the water frame. In 1. 77. 9, Samuel Crompton combined elements of the spinning jenny and water frame to create the spinning mule. This produced a stronger thread, and was suitable for mechanisation on a grand scale. A later development, from 1.

Ring spinning. In the 2. Open End spinning or rotor spinning were invented to produce yarns at rates in excess of 4. Characteristics of spun yarns[edit]Materials[edit]Yarn can be, and is, spun from a wide variety of materials, including natural fibres such as animal, plant, and mineral fibres, and synthetic fibres.

It was probably first made from plant fibres, but animal fibres soon followed. Twist and ply[edit]. S- twist and Z- twist yarns. The direction in which the yarn is spun is called twist. Yarns are characterized as S- twist or Z- twist according to the direction of spinning (see diagram). Tightness of twist is measured in TPI (twists per inch or turns per inch).[8]Two or more spun yarns may be twisted together or plied to form a thicker yarn. Generally, handspun single plies are spun with a Z- twist, and plying is done with an S- twist.[9] This is a cultural preference differing in some areas but surprisingly common.

Plying methods[edit]Yarns can be made of two, three, four, or more plies, or may be used as singles without plying. Two- ply yarn can also be plied from both ends of one long strand of singles using a centre- pull ball, where one end feeds from within a ball of yarn while the other end feeds from the outside. So- called "Andean" plying, in which the single is first wound around one hand in a specific manner that allows unwinding both ends at once without tangling, is another way to ply smaller amounts of yarn.

The name comes from a method used by Andean spinners to manage and splice unevenly matched singles being plied from multiple spindles.[1. Navajo" (aka "chain- ") plying is another method of producing a three- ply yarn, in which one strand of singles is looped around itself in a manner similar to crochet and the resulting three parallel strands twisted together. This method is often used to keep colours together on singles dyed in sequential colours. Cabled yarns are usually four- ply yarns made by plying two strands of two- ply yarn together in the direction opposite to the plying direction for the two- ply yarns. Contemporary hand spinning[edit].

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